Andreas Hauer studied Physics at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich, Germany, and completed his PhD at the Technical University in Berlin. He is currently Director of the Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, ZAE Bayern, where he is responsible for a number of national and international research projects. Dr. Hauer is an internationally renowned expert on energy storage systems in general, specializing in thermal energy storage.

List of Contributors xxi 1 Energy Storage Solutions for Future Energy Systems 1Andreas Hauer 1.1 The Role of Energy Storage 1 1.2 The Definition of Energy Storage 1 1.3 Technologies for Energy Storage 5 1.4 Applications for Energy Storage 11 Part I Electrochemical, Electrical, and Super Magnetic Energy Storages 15 2 An Introduction to Electrochemistry in Modern Power Sources 17Frank C. Walsh, Andrew Cruden, and Peter J. Hall 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Electrode Reactions 17 2.3 Electrochemical Cells 18 2.4 The Case for Electrochemical Power Sources 19 2.5 The Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells 20 2.6 The Actual Cell Voltage: Thermodynamic, Electrode Kinetic, and Ohmic Losses 20 2.7 Faraday's Laws and Charge Capacity 22 2.8 The Performance of Cells: Charge Capacity and Specific Energy Capability 23 2.9 Types of Electrochemical Device for Energy Conversion 23 3 Standalone Batteries for Power Backup and Energy Storage 31Declan Bryans, Martin R Jiminez, Jennifer M Maxwell, Jon M Mitxelena, David Kerr, and Léonard E A Berlouis 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Standalone Battery Technologies 31 3.3 Comparisons 54 3.4 Conclusions 54 4 Environmental Aspects and Recycling of Battery Materials 61Guangjin Zhao 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Classical Batteries 63 4.3 Summary 64 4.4 Future Perspectives 64 4.5 Future Developments 68 5 Supercapacitors for Short-term, High Power Energy Storage 71Lingbin Kong, Maocheng Liu, Jianyun Cao, Rutao Wang, Weibin Zhang, Kun Yan, Xiaohong Li, and Frank C. Walsh 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Electrode Materials 73 5.3 Supercapacitor Devices 80 5.4 Conclusions 88 5.5 Outlook 89 6 Overview of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Technology 99Jing Shi, Xiao Zhou, Yang Liu, Li Ren, Yuejin Tang, and Shijie Chen 6.1 Introduction 99 6.2 The Principle of SMES 99 6.3 Development Status of SMES 102 6.4 Development Trend of SMES 104 6.5 Research Topics for Developing SMES 107 6.6 Conclusions 109 7 Key Technologies of Superconducting Magnets for SMES 113Ying Xu, Li Ren, Jing Shi, and Yuejin Tang 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 The Development of SMES Magnets 116 7.3 Considerations in the Design of SMES Magnets 119 7.4 Current Leads of SMES Magnets 124 7.5 Quench Protection for SMES Magnets 128 7.6 Summary 132 8 Testing Technologies for Developing SMES 135Jing Shi, Yuxiang Liao, Lihui Zhang, Ying Xu, Li Ren, Jingdong Li, and Yuejin Tang 8.1 Introduction 135 8.2 HTS Tape Property Test Method 135 8.3 Magnet Coils Experimental Methods 138 8.4 SMES Test 140 8.5 Conclusions 147 9 Superconducting Wires and Tapes for SMES 149Yuejin Tang, Ying Xu, Sinian Yan, Feng Feng, and Guo Yan 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 A Brief Explanation of Superconductivity 150 9.3 Wires Made from LTc Superconductors 157 9.4 Wires or Tapes Made from HTc Superconductors 158 9.5 Discussion 162 10 Cryogenic Technology 165Li Ren, Ying Xu, and Yuejin Tang 10.1 Introduction 165 10.2 Cryogens 166 10.3 Cryo-cooler 170 10.4 Cryogenic System 173 10.5 Vacuum Technology 176 10.6 An Evaluation Method for Conduction-cooled SMES Cryogenic Cooling Systems 178 10.7 Case Study 181 11 Control Strategies for Different Application Modes of SMES 187Jiakun Fang, Wei Yao, Jinyu Wen, and Shijie Cheng 11.1 Overview of the Control Strategies for SMES Applications 187 11.2 Robust Control for SMES in Coordination with Wind Generators 188 11.3 Anti-windup Compensation for SMES-Based Power System Damping Controller 196 11.4 Monitoring and Control Unit of SMES 204 11.5 Conclusion 208 Part II Mechanical Energy Storage and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage 211 12 Overview of Pumped Hydro Resource 213Pål-Tore Storli 12.1 Pumped Hydro Storage Basic Concepts 213 12.2 Historic Perspective 226 12.3 Worldwide Installed Base 231 12.4 The Future for PHS 231 13 Pumped Storage Machines - Motor Generators 239Stefanie Kemmer and Thomas Hildinger 13.1 Synchronous Machine Fixed Speed 240 13.2 Doubly fed Induction Machine Adjustable Speed (DFIM) 247 13.3 Synchronous Machine Adjustable Speed (FFIM) 252 14 Pumped Storage Machines - Ternary Units 257Manfred Sallaberger and Thomas Gaal 14.1 Ternary Units 257 15 Hydro-Mechanical Equipment 273Claudia Pollak-Reibenwein 15.1 Steel-lined Pressure Conduits 273 15.2 Typical Control and Shut-Off Devices for Pumped Storage Plants 284 16 Pumped Storage Machines - Hydraulic Short-circuit Operation 289Thomas Gaal and Manfred Sallaberger 16.1 Hydraulic Short-circuit Operation 289 Part III Mechanical Energy Storage, Compressed Air Energy Storage, and Flywheels 303 17 Compressed Air Energy Storage: Are the Market and Technical Knowledge Ready? 305Pierre Bérest, Benoît Brouard, Louis Londe, and Arnaud Réveillère 17.1 Introduction 305 17.2 Historical Developments 307 17.3 Challenges Raised by Air Storage in Salt Caverns 308 17.4 (Selected) Recent Projects 314 17.5 Business Case 316 17.6 Conclusion 320 18 The Geology, Historical Background, and Developments in CAES 323David J. Evans 18.1 Introduction 323 18.2 Operational Modes - Diabatic, Adiabatic, Isothermal (Heat), Isochoric, and Isobaric (Pressure) Operations 333 18.3 Brief Review of the Historical Origins of CAES - How It All Began and Where It Is Now 334 18.4 Overview of Underground (Geological) Storage Options 341 18.5 Summary 376 19 Compressed Air Energy Storage in Aquifer and Depleted Gas Storage Reservoirs 391Michael J. King and George Moridis 19.1 Introduction 391 19.2 History of CAES Development 391 19.3 Power Train Requirements 393 19.4 How Does a CAES Energy Storage System Work? Matching the Storage System to CAES Power Train Requirements 394 19.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of CAES in Aquifer Structures and Depleted Gas Reservoirs 401 19.6 CAES Storage System Design Tools, Development, and Operation 403 19.7 Summary 405 20 Open Accumulator Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage (OA-ICAES) System 409Perry Y. Li, Eric Loth, Chao (Chris) Qin, Terrence W. Simon, and James D. Van de Ven 20.1 Introduction 409 20.2 Open Accumulator Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage (OA-ICAES) System Architecture 412 20.3 Liquid Piston Isothermal Compressor/Expander 413 20.4 Using Water Droplet Spray to Enhance Heat Transfer 425 20.5 Systems and Control 429 20.6 Discussion 432 20.7 Conclusions 434 Part IV Chemical Energy Storage 439 21 Hydrogen (or Syngas) Generation - Solar Thermal 441Jonathan Scheffe, Dylan McCord, and Diego Gordon 21.2 Solar Thermochemical Processes 447 22 Power-to-Liquids - Conversion of CO2 and Renewable H2 to Methanol 489Robin J. White 22.1 Introduction 489 22.2 Methanol Synthesis 494 22.3 Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis 496 22.4 Transitioning to Sustainable Methanol Production 500 22.5 Elaboration of a Methanol Economy 505 22.6 Conclusion and Summary 512 23 Hydrogenation Energy Recovery - Small Molecule Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers and Catalytic Dehydrogenation 521
Jong-Hoo Choi, Dominic van der Waals, Thomas Zell, Robert Langer, and Martin H.G. Prechtl 23.1 Introduction 521 23.2 Methanol (CH3OH) 525 23.3 Formaldehyde/Methanediol (CH2O/CH2OHOH) 535 23.4 Formic Acid (HCO2H) 537 23.5 Other Alcohols, Diols, and Amino Alcohols 544 23.6 Summary and Outlook 550 24 Hydrogen Energy Recovery - H2-Based Fuel Cells 559Nada Zamel and Ulf Groos 24.1 Introduction 559 24.2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 561 24.3 Topics of Research 569 24.4 Characterization Techniques 577 24.5 Conclusions 582 Part V Thermal Energy Storage 589 25 Thermal Energy Storage - An Introduction 591Andreas Hauer and Eberhard Laevemann 25.1 Introduction 591 25.2 Characteristic Parameters of Thermal Energy Storage 592 25.3 The Physical Storage Principle - Sensible, Latent, and Thermochemical 596 25.4 Design of a Thermal Energy Storage and Integration into an Energy System 600 25.5 Thermal Energy Storage Classification 602 25.6 Conclusions 604 26 New Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Storage 607Elena Palomo del Barrio and Fouzia Achchaq 26.1 Introduction 607 26.2 Fundamentals, Materials, Groups, and Properties 608 26.3 Currently Used and Emerging Phase Change Materials 614 26.4 Approaches to Improve PCMs' Properties 621 26.5 Commercial Status 627 26.6 Future Development Directions 627 27 Sorption Material Developments for TES Applications 631Alenka Risti¿ 27.1 Introduction 631 27.2 Sorption Materials 635 27.3 Future Developments 647 28 Vacuum Super Insulated Thermal Storage Systems for Buildings and Industrial Applications 655Thomas Beikircher and Matthias Rottmann 28.1 Introduction 655 28.2 VSI with Expanded Perlite for Highly Efficient and Economical Thermal Storages 658 28.3 Storage Media for Medium and High Temperatures 669 28.4 VSI and VSI Storages in Industrial Applications 671 28.5 Conclusions 672 29 Heat Transfer Enhancement for Latent Heat Storage Components 675Jaume Gasia, Laia Miró, Alvaro de Gracia, and Luisa F. Cabeza 29.1 Introduction 675 29.2 Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques 676 29.3 Technology Development and Commercial Status 690 30 Reactor Design for Thermochemical Energy Storage Systems 695Wim Van Helden 30.1 Requirements for TCM Reactors 695 30.2 Charging and Discharging Processes in TCM Reactors 695 30.3 Types of Reactors and Examples of Design Solutions 699 30.4 Conclusions and Outlook 702 31 Phase Change Materials in Buildings - State of the Art 705Thomas Haussmann, Tabea Obergfell, and Stefan Gschwander 31.1 Introduction 705 31.2 Materials 707 31.3 Example of Building Integration of PCM 710 31.4 Planning Boundary Conditions 722 31.5 Long Term Experience 725 32 Industrial Applications of Thermal Energy Storage Systems 729Viktoria Martin and Ningwei Justin Chiu 32.1 Why Thermal Energy Storage in Industry? 729 32.2 Integration of TES in Industrial Scale Applications 734 32.3 Mobile TES in Innovative Energy Distribution 742 32.4 Concluding Remarks 744 33 Economy of Thermal Energy Storage Systems in Different Applications 749Christoph Rathgeber, Eberhard Lävemann, and Andreas Hauer 33.1 Introduction 749 33.2 Methods to Evaluate Thermal Energy Storage Economics 749 33.3 Comparison of Acceptable and Realized...