Chapter 1
What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior?
CLINICAL FOCUS 1-1 Living with Traumatic Brain Injury
1-1 The Brain in the Twenty-First Century
Why Study Brain and Behavior?
What Is the Brain?
What Is Behavior?
1-2 Theories of Brain and Behavior
Aristotle and Mentalism
Descartes and Dualism
COMPARATIVE FOCUS 1-2 The Speaking Brain
Darwin and Materialism
EXPERIMENT 1-1 Question: How do parents transmit heritable factors to offspring?
Toward Contemporary Perspectives on Consciousness
1-3 Evolution of Brains and of Behavior
Origin of Brain Cells and Brains
The Basics: Classification of Life
Evolution of Nervous Systems in Animals
Chordate Brain
1-4 Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior
Humans: Members of the Primate Order
Australopithecus: Our Distant Ancestor
The First Humans
Relating Brain Complexity and Behavior
COMPARATIVE FOCUS 1-3 The Elephant's Brain
Why the Hominin Brain Became More Complex
1-5 Modern Human Brain Size, Intelligence, and Culture
The Significance of Human Brain Size Comparisons
The Significance of Human Intelligence
The Significance of Human Culture

Chapter 2
What Is the Nervous System's Functional Anatomy?
RESEARCH FOCUS 2-1 Agenesis of the Cerebellum
2-1 Overview of Brain Function and Structure
Plastic Patterns of Neural Organization
Functional Organization of the Nervous System
The Brain's Surface Features
The Basics: Finding Your Way Around the Brain
CLINICAL FOCUS 2-2 Meningitis and Encephalitis
The Brain's Internal Features
CLINICAL FOCUS 2-3 Stroke
2-2 The Conserved Pattern of Nervous System Development
Comparative Brain Evolution
The Nervous System and Intelligent Behavior
EXPERIMENT 2-1 Question: Does intelligent behavior require a vertebrate
nervous system organization?
2-3 The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior
Spinal Cord
Brainstem
Forebrain
Cerebral Cortex
Basal Ganglia
2-4 Somatic Nervous System: Transmitting Information
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Somatic Nervous System Connections
Integrating Spinal Function
CLINICAL FOCUS 2-4 Bell Palsy
2-5 Autonomic and Enteric Nervous Systems: Visceral Relations
ANS: Regulating Internal Functions
ENS: Controlling the Gut
2-6 Ten Principles of Nervous System Function
Principle 1: Neuronal Circuits Are the Functional Units of the Nervous System
Principle 2: Sensory and Motor Divisions Pervade the Nervous System
Principle 3: The CNS Functions on Multiple Levels and Is Organized Hierarchically and in Parallel
Principle 4: Many Brain Circuits Are Crossed
Principle 5: Brain Functions Are Localized and Distributed
Principle 6: The Brain Is Symmetrical and Asymmetrical
Principle 7: The Nervous System Works by Juxtaposing Excitation and Inhibition
Principle 8: The Brain Divides Sensory Input for Object Recognition and Movement
Principle 9: The Nervous System Produces Movement in a Perceptual World the Brain Constructs
Principle 10: Neuroplasticity Is the Hallmark of Nervous System Functioning

Chapter 3
What Are the Nervous System's Functional Units?
RESEARCH FOCUS 3-1 A Genetic Diagnosis
3-1 Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons: The Basis of Information Processing
EXPERIMENT 3-1 Question: Can the principles of neural excitation and inhibition control the activity of a simple robot that behaves like a cricket?
Classes of Glial Cells
CLINICAL FOCUS 3-2 Brain Tumors
3-2 Internal Structure of a Cell
The Basics: Chemistry Review
The Cell as a Factory
Cell Membrane: Barrier and Gatekeeper
The Nucleus and Protein Synthesis
The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Manufacture
Proteins and RNA: The Cell's Products
Golgi Bodies and Microtubules: Protein Packaging and Shipment
Crossing the Cell Membrane: Channels, Gates, and Pumps
3-3 Genes, Cells, and Behavior
Mendelian Genetics and the Genetic Code
Applying Mendel's Principles
CLINICAL FOCUS 3-3 Huntington Disease
Genetic Engineering
The Epigenetic Code

Chapter 4
How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to Transmit Information?
4-1 Searching for Electrical Activity in the Nervous System
CLINICAL FOCUS 4-1 Epilepsy
Early Clues That Linked Electricity and Neuronal Activity
The Basics: Electricity and Electrical Stimulation
Tools for Measuring a Neuron's Electrical Activity
How Ion Movement Produces Electrical Charges
4-2 Electrical Activity at the Dendritic and Cell Body Membrane
Resting Potential
Maintaining the Resting Potential
How Neurons Integrate Information
Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
EXPERIMENT 4-1 Question: How does stimulating a neuron influence its excitability?
Summation of Inputs
4-3 Generation and Propagation of the Action Potential
Triggering an Action Potential
Role of Voltage-Activated Ion Channels
The Versatile Neuron
RESEARCH FOCUS 4-3 Optogenetics and Light-Sensitive Ion Channels
Action Potentials and Refractory Periods
Nerve Impulse
Refractory Periods and Nerve Action
Saltatory Conduction and the Myelin Sheath
CLINICAL FOCUS 4-2 Multiple Sclerosis
4-4 Into the Nervous System and Back Out
How Sensory Stimuli Produce Action Potentials
How Nerve Impulses Produce Movement
CLINICAL FOCUS 4-4 ALS: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Chapter 5
How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt?
5-1 A Chemical Message
RESEARCH FOCUS 5-1 The Basis of Neural Communication in a Heartbeat
EXPERIMENT 5-1 Question: How does a neuron pass on a message?
CLINICAL FOCUS 5-2 Parkinson Disease
Structure of Synapses
Neurotransmission in Five Steps
Varieties of Synapses
Excitatory and Inhibitory Messages
RESEARCH FOCUS 5-3 Dendritic Spines: Small but Mighty
Evolution of Complex Neurotransmission Systems
5-2 Varieties of Neurotransmitters and Receptors
Four Criteria for Identifying Neurotransmitters
Classes of Neurotransmitters
CLINICAL FOCUS 5-4 Awakening with L-Dopa
Varieties of Receptors
5-3 Neurotransmitter Systems and Behavior
Neurotransmission in the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Dual Activating Systems of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Enteric Nervous System (ENS) Autonomy
Four Activating Systems in the Central Nervous System
CLINICAL FOCUS 5-5 The Case of the Frozen Addict
5-4 Hormones
Hierarchical Control of Hormones
Classes and Functions of Hormones
Homeostatic Hormones
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Glucocorticoids and Stress

Chapter 6
How Do Drugs Influence Brain and Behavior?
6-1 Principles of Psychopharmacology
CLINICAL FOCUS 6-1 Cognitive Enhancement?
Drug Routes into the Nervous System
Drug Action at Synapses: Agonists and Antagonists
An Acetylcholine Synapse: Examples of Drug Action
Tolerance
EXPERIMENT 6-1 Question: Will the constant consumption of alcohol produce tolerance?
Sensitization
EXPERIMENT 6-2 Question: Does the injection of a drug always produce the same behavior?
6-2 Psychoactive Drugs
Adenosinergic
Cholinergic
GABAergic
CLINICAL FOCUS 6-2 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Glutamatergic
Dopaminergic
RESEARCH FOCUS 6-3 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Serotonergic
CLINICAL FOCUS 6-4 Major Depression
Opioidergic
CLINICAL FOCUS 6-5 The Opioid Overdose Death Epidemic
Cannabinergic
6-3 Factors Influencing Individual Responses to Drugs
Behavior on Drugs
Substance Use Disorder, Withdrawal, and Addiction
Risk Factors for Substance Use Disorder
Individual and Sex Differences in Substance Use Disorder
6-4 Explaining Substance Use and Misuse
Wanting-and-Liking Theory
Why Doesn't Everyone Develop Substance Use Disorder?
Issues Related to Treating Substance Use Disorder
Can Drugs Cause Brain Damage?
CLINICAL FOCUS 6-6 Drug-Induced Psychosis

Chapter 7
How Do We Study the Brain's Structures and Functions?
7-1 Measuring and Manipulating Brain and Behavior
RESEARCH FOCUS 7-1 Tuning in to Language
Early Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience
RESEARCH FOCUS 7-2 Brainbow: Rainbow Neurons
EXPERIMENT 7-1 Question: Do hippocampal neurons contribute to memory formation?
Methods of Behavioral Neuroscience
Manipulating Brain-Behavior Interactions
CLINICAL FOCUS 7-3 Brain Organoids and Personalized Medicine
7-2 Measuring the Brain's Electrical Activity
Recording Action Potentials from Single Cells
EEG: Recording Graded Potentials from Thousands of Cells
Mapping Brain Function with Event-Related Potentials
Magnetoencephalography
7-3 Anatomical Imaging Techniques: CT and MRI
7-4 Functional Brain Imaging
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Optical Tomography
Positron Emission Tomography
7-5 Chemical and Genetic Measures of Brain and Behavior
Measuring Brain Chemistry
Measuring Genes in Brain and Behavior
Epigenetics: Measuring Gene Expression
7-6 Comparing Neuroscience Research Methods
7-7 Computational Neuroscience and Deep Learning
7-8 Ethical Considerations
Neuroethics
Using Nonhuman Species in Brain-Behavior Research

Chapter 8
How Does the Nervous System Develop and Adapt?
8-1 Three Perspectives on Brain Development
RESEARCH FOCUS 8-1 Linking Socioeconomic Status to Cortical Development
Correlating Emerging Brain Structures with Emerging Behaviors
Correlating Emerging Behaviors with Neural Maturation
Identifying Influences on Brain and Behavior
8-2 Neurobiology of Development
Gross Development of the Human Nervous System
Origins of Neurons and Glia
Neuronal Growth and Development
CLINICAL FOCUS 8-2 Autism Spectrum Disorder
Glial Development
Unique Aspects of Frontal Lobe Development
8-3 Using Emerging Behaviors to Infer Neural Maturation
Motor Behaviors
Language...