About the Editors

John S. Lucas, Adjunct Professor in School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Paul C. Southgate, Professor in Tropical Aquaculture, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia

Craig S. Tucker, Research Leader, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA

List of Contributors xiii Preface to the Third Edition xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix Acknowledgments xxi 1 Introduction 1John S. Lucas 1.1 What is and What isn't Aquaculture? 1 1.2 Origins of Aquaculture and Agriculture 2 1.3 Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries Production 4 1.4 The Efficiency of Aquaculture for Food Production 7 1.5 Has There Been a 'Blue' Revolution? 9 1.6 The Big Producers 10 1.7 China 12 1.8 Issues for Developed Countries 13 1.9 An Allegory 14 1.10 Diversity of Aquaculture 15 1.11 Fishery Stock Enhancement and Restoration 15 1.12 Summary 16 References 17 2 Principles of Aquaculture 19Paul C. Southgate and John S. Lucas 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Intensity of Aquaculture 19 2.3 Polyculture 23 2.4 Integrated AgriAquaculture Systems 24 2.5 Static, Open, SemiClosed and Recirculating (Closed) Systems 25 2.6 Selecting a New Species for Farming 28 2.7 Developing a New Farm or a New Farmed Species 31 2.8 Case Studies 33 2.9 Summary 38 References 39 3 Aquaculture Systems Design 41Igor Pirozzi, Paul C. Southgate and John S. Lucas 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Site Selection and Development 41 3.3 Aquaculture Systems 43 3.4 Plumbing and Pumps 55 3.5 Hatchery Systems 59 3.6 Summary 61 References 61 4 Water Quality 63Claude E. Boyd and Craig S. Tucker 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Water Quality Variables 63 4.3 Effects of Water Quality on Aquatic Animals 73 4.4 Pond WaterQuality Management 78 4.5 Effluents 89 4.6 Summary 91 References 92 5 Resource Use and the Environment 93Claude E. Boyd, Aaron A. McNevin and Craig S. Tucker 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 An Overview of Resource Use and Environmental Issues 94 5.3 Land Use 97 5.4 Water Use 99 5.5 Energy Use 101 5.6 FeedFish Use 102 5.7 Chemicals 105 5.8 Water Pollution 107 5.9 Best Management Practices 109 5.10 Environmental Advocacy in Aquaculture 111 5.11 Summary 112 References 112 6 Reproduction, Life Cycles and Growth 113John S. Lucas and Paul C. Southgate 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Reproductive Physiology 113 6.3 Life Cycles 116 6.4 Growth 120 6.5 Summary 124 References 125 7 Genetics 127Rex Dunham 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 Basic Genetics 128 7.3 Epigenetics 130 7.4 Domestication and Strain Evaluation 130 7.5 Selection 131 7.6 Inbreeding and Maintenance of Genetic Quality 136 7.7 Crossbreeding and Hybridisation 136 7.8 Chromosomal Techniques 140 7.9 Xenogenesis 146 7.10 Genetic Engineering 146 7.11 Gene Editing 151 7.12 Combining Genetic Enhancement Programs 152 7.13 Genotype environment Interactions 152 7.14 Future Developments 153 7.15 Summary 154 References 154 8 Nutrition and Feeds 157Lou D'Abramo 8.1 Introduction 157 8.2 Energy Consumption and Partitioning (Bioenergetics) 158 8.3 The Relationship between Growth and Food Consumption 159 8.4 Requirements and Metabolic Functions of Nutrients 160 8.5 Digestion and Assimilation of Food 170 8.6 Formulation, Manufacture and Digestibility of Feeds 171 8.7 Nutrition Management Strategies 178 8.8 Feed Management 180 8.9 Emerging Research Areas 181 8.10 Summary 181 References 182 9 Hatchery and Larval Foods 183Paul C. Southgate 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Foods for Hatchery Culture Systems 183 9.3 Feeding Strategy for Larval Culture 196 9.4 Compound Hatchery Feeds 196 9.5 Development of Microdiets for Fish Larvae 197 9.6 Harvesting Natural Plankton 199 9.7 Pond Fertilisation as a Food Source for Aquaculture 199 9.8 Summary 200 References 201 10 Disease Principles 203Leigh Owens 10.1 Introduction to Disease 203 10.2 General Principles of Infectious Diseases in Aquaculture 203 10.3 The Philosophy of Disease Control 205 10.4 Generalised Disease Management Techniques 206 10.5 Major Diseases 208 10.6 Summary 216 References 216 11 Pathogens and Parasites 217Kate S. Hutson and Kenneth D. Cain 11.1 Introduction 217 11.2 Viruses 218 11.3 Bacteria 222 11.4 Fungi 229 11.5 Protozoans 230 11.6 Myxozoans 234 11.7 Platyhelminths 235 11.8 Nematodes 239 11.9 Acanthocephalans 240 11.10 Leeches 240 11.11 Crustaceans 241 11.12 Fishborne Zoonotic Agents and Aquaculture 244 11.13 Aquaponics 245 11.14 Summary 246 References 246 12 Prevention of Disease by Vaccination 249Andrew Barnes 12.1 Introduction 249 12.2 A Beginner's Guide to Fish Immunology 250 12.3 Vaccinating Fishes 260 12.4 Types of Vaccine 260 12.5 Routes of Delivery 263 12.6 Adjuvants 266 12.7 Vaccination in Practice 266 12.8 Research and Development Track for Commercial Fish Vaccines 267 12.9 Future Trends: Vaccination in the Age of Genomics 269 12.10 Conclusions 269 12.11 Summary 270 References 270 13 Postharvest Technology and Processing 273Allan Bremner 13.1 Introduction 273 13.2 Basic Characteristics 274 13.3 Safety and Health 274 13.4 Nutritional Aspects 275 13.5 The Balance between Safety and Nutrition 276 13.6 Aquaculture and Fisheries Products 276 13.7 Harvesting 276 13.8 Live Transport 276 13.9 Muscle Structure: Rigor and Texture 278 13.10 Stunning and PostMortem Processing 280 13.11 Effects of Feed on the Product 283 13.12 Specialised Niche Market Products 284 13.13 Flavours and Taints 284 13.14 Texture 285 13.15 Concepts: Quality, Freshness, Shelf Life and Quality Index 285 13.16 Microbiology, Specific Spoilage Organism (SSO) and Other Spoilage Processes 287 13.17 Freezing and Frozen Storage 288 13.18 Packaging 290 13.19 Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Haccp and Risk Assessment 293 13.20 Traceability, Identification and Origin 294 13.21 Canning 295 13.22 Smoking 295 13.23 Summary 296 References 296 14 Economics 299Clem Tisdell 14.1 Introduction 299 14.2 Profitability from a Business Viewpoint (Farm Models) 300 14.3 Markets and Marketing 302 14.4 Economies of Scale and Similar Factors 306Contents ix 14.5 Allowing for and Coping with Business Risk and Uncertainty 308 14.6 Economic Assessment from a Social Standpoint 310 14.7 Summary 312 References 312 15 Seaweed and Microalgae 313Seaweed: Nicholas A. Paul and Microalgae: Michael Borowitzka 15.1 General Introduction 313 15.2 Seaweeds 313 15.3 Microalgae 327 15.4 Summary 335 References 336 16 Carps 339Sena De Silva and Qidong Wang 16.1 Introduction 339 16.2 Biology of the Important Carps in Aquaculture 341 16.3 Artificial Propagation 350 16.4 Nutrition 352 16.5 Culture Practices 353 16.6 Diseases 358 16.7 Genetic Improvement 358 16.8 CultureBased Fisheries 359 16.9 Conclusions 360 16.10 Summary 360 References 361 17 Salmonids 363John Purser 17.1 Introduction 363 17.2 Biology 364 17.3 Freshwater Farming 367 17.4 Marine Farming 376 17.5 Feeds 381 17.6 Grading and Stocking Densities 383 17.7 Maturation, Sex Reversal and Triploidy 384 17.8 Fish Health 386 17.9 Harvesting and Products 387 17.10 Environmental Issues 387 17.11 Summary 388 References 388 18 Tilapias 391Victor Suresh and Ram C. Bhujel 18.1 Introduction 391 18.2 Family, Species and Genetic Variation 393 18.3 Ecology and Distribution 395 18.4 Sex Determination and Reproduction 396 18.5 Control of Reproduction 397 18.6 Seed Production 399 18.7 Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding 401 18.8 Grow Out Systems 405 18.9 Disease Management 410 18.10 Harvest, Processing and Marketing 412 18.11 Summary 413 References 414 19 Catfishes 415Craig S. Tucker, Aaron A. McNevin, Les Torrans and Brian Bosworth 19.1 Introduction 415 19.2 Pangasiid Catfishes 415 19.3 Ictalurid Catfishes 421 19.4 Clariid Catfishes 431 19.5 Summary 433 References 434 20 Marine Finfish Aquaculture 437Wade O. Watanabe, Md Shah Alam, Patrick M. Carroll, Harry V. Daniels and Jeffrey M. Hinshaw 20.1 Introduction 437 20.2 Importance of Marine Fish Aquaculture 437 20.3 Hatcheries 440 20.4 Grow out Systems 444 20.5 Nutrition and Feeds 448 20.6 Marine Fishes in Aquaculture 449 20.7 Milkfish 449 [...]opean Seabass 454 20.9 Gilthead Sea Bream 456 20.10 Yellowtail Amberjack 459 20.11 Red Sea Bream 462 20.12 Cobia 465 20.13 Flatfishes 468 20.14 Sturgeon 477 20.15 Summary 481 References 482 21 Softshelled Turtles 483Qingjun Shao and John S. Lucas 21.1 Introduction 483 21.2 Biology 483 21.3 Aquaculture Development 485 21.4 Culture Facilities 486 21.5 Culture Stages 488 21.6 Water Quality 490 21.7 Nutrition, Feeding and Feed Formulation 491 21.8 Infectious Diseases 493 21.9 Harvesting and Processing 494 21.10 The Future of SoftShelled Turtle Farming 495 21.11 Summary 496 References 496 22 Shrimps 499Darryl Jory 22.1 Introduction 499 22.2 Cultured Species 502 22.3 GrowOut Systems 503 22.4 Preparation of Ponds 506 22.5 Reproduction and Maturation 508 22.6 Hatchery Design and Larval Culture 510 22.7 Seedstock Quality and Stocking 512 22.8 Production Management and Harvest 513 22.9 Nutrition, Formulated Diets and Feed Management 518 22.10 Emerging Production Technologies and Issues 521 22.11 Responsible Shrimp Farming and the Challenge of Sustainability 524 22.12 Summary 524 References 525 23 Freshwater Decapod Crustaceans 527Chaoshu Zeng, John S. Lucas and Paul C. Southgate 23.1 Introduction 527 23.2 Farmed Species 529 23.3 The Chinese Mitten Crab 530 23.4 Freshwater Crayfish 536 23.5 Freshwater Prawns 543 23.6 Summary 547 References 548 24 Bivalve Molluscs 549John S. Lucas 24.1 Introduction 549 24.2 Aspects of Biology 550 24.3 Farmed Bivalves 552 24.4 Phases of Bivalve Aquaculture 555 24.5 Farming Problems 560 24.6 Introductions and Other Environmental Issues 564 24.7 Industry Reviews 565 24.8 The Future of Bivalve Aquaculture 570 24.9 Summary 570 References 571 25 Abalone 573Peter Cook 25.1 Introduction 573 25.2 Production from Fisheries and Farms 573 25.3 Biology 576 25.4 Culture Techniques 577 25.5 Postlarvae and Juveniles 580 25.6 GrowOut Systems 580 25.7 Diseases and Parasites 583 25.8 The World Abalone Market 584 25.9 Summary 584 References 585 26 Aquaculture in the Aquarium Industry 587Thane A. Militz 26.1 Introduction 587 26.2 The Aquarium Industry 587 26.3 The Need for Aquaculture in the Aquarium Industry 589 26.4 Aquaculture of Tropical Freshwater Organisms 593 26.5 Aquaculture of Tropical Marine Organisms 601 26.6 Sustainable Development 612 26.7 The Future of Aquaculture in the...