Preface vii Contributors ix Section I Introduction 1 I.1 What Is Evolution? 3 I.2 The History of Evolutionary Thought 10 I.3 The Evidence for Evolution 28 I.4 From DNA to Phenotypes 40 Section II Phylogenetics and the History of Life 47 II.1 Interpretation of Phylogenetic Trees 51 II.2 Phylogenetic Inference 60 II.3 Molecular Clock Dating 67 II.4 Historical Biogeography 75 II.5 Phylogeography 82 II.6 Concepts in Character Macroevolution: Adaptation, Homology, and Evolvability 89 II.7 Using Phylogenies to Study Phenotypic Evolution: Comparative Methods and Tests of Adaptation 100 II.8 Taxonomy in a Phylogenetic Framework 106 II.9 The Fossil Record 112 II.10 The Origin of Life 120 II.11 Evolution in the Prokaryotic Grade 127 II.12 Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes 136 II.13 Major Events in the Evolution of Land Plants 143 II.14 Major Events in the Evolution of Fungi 152 II.15 Origin and Early Evolution of Animals 159 II.16 Major Events in the Evolution ofArthropods 167 II.17 Major Features of Tetrapod Evolution 174 II.18 Human Evolution 183 Section III Natural Selection and Adaptation 189 III.1 Natural Selection, Adaptation, and Fitness: Overview 193 III.2 Units and Levels of Selection 200 III.3 Theory of Selection in Populations 206 III.4 Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness 215 III.5 Phenotypic Selection on Quantitative Traits 221 III.6 Responses to Selection: Experimental Populations 230 III.7 Responses to Selection: Natural Populations 238 III.8 Evolutionary Limits and Constraints 247 III.9 Evolution of Modifier Genes and Biological Systems 253 III.10 Evolution of Reaction Norms 261 III.11 Evolution of Life Histories 268 III.12 Evolution of Form and Function 276 III.13 Biochemical and Physiological Adaptations 282 III.14 Evolution of the Ecological Niche 288 III.15 Adaptation to the Biotic Environment 298 Section IV Evolutionary Processes 305 IV.1 Genetic Drift 307 IV.2 Mutation 315 IV.3 Geographic Variation, Population Structure, and Migration 321 IV.4 Recombination and Sex 328 IV.5 Genetic Load 334 IV.6 Inbreeding 340 IV.7 Selfish Genetic Elements and Genetic Conflict 347 IV.8 Evolution of Mating Systems: Outcrossing versus Selfing 356 Section V Genes, Genomes, Phenotypes 363 V.1 Molecular Evolution 367 V.2 Genome Evolution 374 V.3 Comparative Genomics 380 V.4 Evolution of Sex Chromosomes 387 V.5 Gene Duplication 397 V.6 Evolution of New Genes 406 V.7 Evolution of Gene Expression 413 V.8 Epigenetics 420 V.9 Evolution of Molecular Networks 428 V.10 Evolution and Development: Organisms 436 V.11 Evolution and Development: Molecules 444 V.12 Genetics of Phenotypic Evolution 452 V.13 Dissection of Complex Trait Evolution 458 V.14 Searching for Adaptation in the Genome 466 V.15 Ancient DNA 475 Section VI Speciation and Macroevolution 483 VI.1 Species and Speciation 489 VI.2 Speciation Patterns 496 VI.3 Geography, Range Evolution, and Speciation 504 VI.4 Speciation and Natural Selection 512 VI.5 Speciation and Sexual Selection 520 VI.6 Gene Flow, Hybridization, and Speciation 529 VI.7 Coevolution and Speciation 535 VI.8 Genetics of Speciation 543 VI.9 Speciation and Genome Evolution 549 VI.10 Adaptive Radiation 559 VI.11 Macroevolutionary Rates 567 VI.12 Macroevolutionary Trends 573 VI.13 Causes and Consequences of Extinction 579 V1.14 Species Selection 586 VI.15 Key Evolutionary Innovations 592 VI.16 Evolution of Communities 599 Section VII Evolution of Behavior, Society, and Humans 605 VII.1 Genes, Brains, and Behavior 609 VII.2 Evolution of Hormones and Behavior 616 VII.3 Game Theory and Behavior 624 VII.4 Sexual Selection and Its Impact on Mating Systems 632 VII.5 Sexual Selection: Male-Male Competition 641 VII.6 Sexual Selection: Mate Choice 647 VII.7 Evolution of Communication 655 VII.8 Evolution of Parental Care 663 VII.9 Cooperation and Conflict: Microbes to Humans 671 VII.10 Cooperative Breeding 677 VII.11 Human Behavioral Ecology 683 VII.12 Evolutionary Psychology 690 VII.13 Evolution of Eusociality 697 VII.14 Cognition: Phylogeny, Adaptation, and By-Products 703 VII.15 Evolution of Apparently Nonadaptive Behavior 710 VII.16 Aging and Menopause 718 Section VIII Evolution and Modern Society 727 VIII.1 Evolutionary Medicine 733 VIII.2 Evolution of Parasite Virulence 741 VIII.3 Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance 747 VIII.4 Evolution and Microbial Forensics 754 VIII.5 Domestication and the Evolution of Agriculture 760 VIII.6 Evolution and Conservation 766 VIII.7 Directed Evolution 774 VIII.8 Evolution and Computing 780 VIII.9 Linguistics and the Evolution of Human Language 786 VIII.10 Cultural Evolution 795 VIII.11 Evolution and Notions of Human Race 801 VIII.12 The Future of Human Evolution 809 VIII.13 Evolution and Religion 817 VIII.14 Creationism and Intelligent Design 825 VIII.15 Evolution and the Media 832 Index 837