Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly known as "forever chemicals," have emerged as one of the most urgent and far-reaching environmental and public health threats of the 21st century. Once praised for their resistance to heat, water, and oil, PFAS revolutionized consumer products and industrial applications. From nonstick cookware to firefighting foam, stain-resistant fabrics to fast food wrappers, these chemicals are deeply embedded in modern life. But their greatest strength-their durability-has become their most dangerous trait.
PFAS do not break down naturally. Their strong carbon-fluorine bonds make them nearly indestructible, allowing them to persist for decades in soil, air, and water. These chemicals have been detected in rainwater, surface water, groundwater, and even remote regions like the Arctic. PFAS contamination is now a global reality.
But this is more than an environmental story-it's a human health crisis. PFAS are not metabolized by the body and accumulate in blood, organs, and tissues. Once inside us, they bind to proteins and interfere with key biological functions. Studies link PFAS exposure to kidney and testicular cancers, thyroid disease, immune suppression, high cholesterol, liver damage, and developmental problems in children. Pregnant women and young children are especially vulnerable, as PFAS can cross the placenta and concentrate in breast milk.
Despite growing health concerns, PFAS often go undisclosed. In the U.S., manufacturers are not required to list PFAS in product ingredients. Many companies avoid transparency due to legal or reputational risks. As a result, consumers are left in the dark and often unknowingly exposed.
The contamination runs deep. In the U.S., PFAS have been found in drinking water across all 50 states. Military bases, airports, and industrial sites are major hotspots due to the use of firefighting foams. Wastewater treatment plants can't fully remove PFAS, and the chemicals are released into waterways, affecting drinking water and agriculture. PFAS also enter our food supply through crops, livestock, and fish, making the problem even harder to avoid.
Efforts to address PFAS are underway but face major challenges. Technologies like activated carbon, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis can reduce PFAS in water-but they are expensive and not always effective. They also produce waste that must be carefully handled. Total destruction of PFAS requires extreme heat or new advanced technologies, which are not yet widely available.
Some governments are responding. A few U.S. states and countries have moved to ban certain PFAS or regulate their levels in water. The European Union is proposing broad restrictions. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has issued health advisories and is considering new rules. Still, progress is slow, and enforcement uneven.
Solving this crisis will require bold global action. That means banning unnecessary PFAS uses, funding safer alternatives, improving cleanup methods, and holding polluters accountable. Public awareness is also key-people need the knowledge and tools to protect themselves and push for change.
We are at a turning point. Will future generations see this as the moment we took responsibility, or the time we looked away? The PFAS legacy is still being written. If we act now-with urgency, science, and justice-we can protect our health, our environment, and our future.