FOREWORD xv

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xvii

ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xxi

INTRODUCTION--HOW TO USE THIS TEXT xxiii

1 Systems, Engineering, and Systems Engineering 1

1.1 Definitions of Key Terms 2

1.2 Approach to this Chapter 2

1.3 What is a System? 3

1.4 Learning to Recognize Types of Systems 7

1.5 What is SE? 8

1.6 System Versus Systems Engineering 12

1.7 SE: Historical Notes 13

1.8 Systems Thinking and SE 13

1.9 Chapter Summary 15

1.10 Chapter Exercises 15

1.11 References 16

2 The Evolving State of SE Practice-Challenges and Opportunities 17

2.1 Definitions of Key Terms 19

2.2 Approach to this Chapter 20

2.3 The State of SE and System Development Performance 20

2.4 Understanding the Problem: Root Cause Analysis 24

2.5 Industry, Government, Academic, Professional, and Standards Organizations Solutions 27

2.6 Defining the Problem 32

2.7 Engineering Education Challenges and Opportunities 42

2.8 Chapter Summary 43

2.9 Chapter Exercises 46

2.10 References 46

PART I SYSTEM ENGINEERING AND ANALYSIS CONCEPTS 49

3 System Attributes, Properties, and Characteristics 51

3.1 Definition of Key Terms 51

3.2 Analytical Representation of a System 53

3.3 System Stakeholders: User and End User Roles 55

3.4 System Attributes 56

3.5 System Properties 56

3.6 System Characteristics 60

3.7 The System's State of Equilibrium and the Balance of Power 61

3.8 System/Product Life Cycle Concepts 64

3.9 System Acceptability: Challenges for Achieving Success 71

3.10 Chapter Summary 74

3.11 Chapter Exercises 74

3.12 References 75

4 User Enterprise Roles, Missions, and System Applications 76

4.1 Definitions of Key Terms 76

4.2 Approach to this Chapter 77

4.3 User Roles and Missions 78

4.4 Understanding and Defining User Missions 83

4.5 Understanding the User's Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces 88

4.6 Chapter Summary, 97

4.7 Chapter Exercises, 97

4.8 References, 98

5 User Needs, Mission Analysis, Use Cases, and Scenarios 99

5.1 Definitions of Key Terms 100

5.2 Approach to this Chapter 101

5.3 Commercial/Consumer Product Versus Contract System Development 101

5.4 User Operational Needs Identification 103

5.5 Mission Analysis 107

5.6 Mission Operational Effectiveness 114

5.7 Defining Mission and System UCs and Scenarios 117

5.8 Chapter Summary 127

5.9 Chapter Exercises 127

5.10 References 128

6 System Concepts Formulation and Development 129

6.1 Definitions of Key Terms 129

6.2 Conceptualization of System Operations 131

6.3 The System Operations Model 131

6.4 Formulating and Developing the System Concepts 138

6.5 Chapter Summary 144

6.6 Chapter Exercises 145

6.7 References 145

7 System Command and Control (C2) - Phases, Modes, and States of Operation 147

7.1 Definitions of Key Terms 148

7.2 Approach to this Chapter 149

7.3 System Phases of Operation 150

7.4 Introduction to System Modes and States 151

7.5 Enterprise Perspective--Engineered System States 154

7.6 Engineering Perspective--Modes and States 157

7.7 Applying Phases, Modes, and States of Operation 168

7.8 Modes and States Constraints 169

7.9 Chapter Summary 172

7.10 Chapter Exercises 172

7.11 References 173

8 System Levels of Abstraction, Semantics, and Elements 174

8.1 Definitions of Key Terms 174

8.2 Establishing and Bounding the System's Context 175

8.3 System Levels of Abstraction and Semantics 176

8.4 System Decomposition Versus Integration Entity Relationships 181

8.5 Logical-Physical Entity Relationship (ER) Concepts 183

8.6 Architectural System Element Concepts 186

8.7 Chapter Summary 196

8.8 Chapter Exercises 196

8.9 References 197

9 Architectural Frameworks of the SOI and Its Operating Environment 198

9.1 Definitions of Key Terms 198

9.2 Approach to this Chapter 199

9.3 Introduction to the SOI Architecture 199

9.4 Understanding the OE Architecture 201

9.5 Other Architectural Frameworks 209

9.6 Understanding The System Threat Environment 209

9.7 SOI Interfaces 211

9.8 Chapter Summary 218

9.9 Chapter Exercises 218

9.10 References 218

10 Modeling Mission System and Enabling System Operations 219

10.1 Definitions of Key Terms 219

10.2 Approach to this Chapter 219

10.3 The System Behavioral Response Model 220

10.4 System Command & Control (C2) Interaction Constructs 221

10.5 Modeling System Control Flow and Data Flow Operations 225

10.6 Modeling Mission System and Enabling System Operations 230

10.7 Modeling an Operational Capability 235

10.8 Nested Operational Cycles 241

10.9 Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) 241

10.10 Chapter Summary 243

10.11 Chapter Exercises 243

10.12 References 243

11 Analytical Problem-Solving and Solution Development Synthesis 245

11.1 Definitions of Key Terms 245

11.2 Part I: System Engineering and Analysis Concepts

Synthesis 245

11.3 Shifting to a New Systems Engineering Paradigm 246

11.4 The Four Domain Solutions Methodology 248

11.5 Chapter Summary 251

11.6 References 254

PART II SYSTEM ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES 255

12 Introduction to System Development Strategies 257

12.1 Definitions of Key Terms 258

12.2 Approach to this Chapter 259

12.3 System Development Workflow Strategy 260

12.4 Multi-Level Systems Design and Development Strategy 262

12.5 Chapter Summary 268

12.6 Chapter Exercises 268

12.7 References 269

13 System Verification and Validation (V&V) Strategy 270

13.1 Definitions of Key Terms 270

13.2 Approach to this Chapter 272

13.3 System V&V Concepts Overview 275

13.4 System Verification Practices 278

13.5 System Validation Practices 283

13.6 Applying V&V to the System Development Workflow Processes 285

13.7 Independent Verification & Validation (IV&V) 290

13.8 Chapter Summary 291

13.9 Chapter Exercises 292

13.10 References 292

14 The Wasson Systems Engineering Process 293

14.1 Definitions of Key Terms 293

14.2 Approach to this Chapter 294

14.3 Evolution of SE Processes 294

14.4 The Wasson SE Process Model 296

14.5 Wasson SE Process Model Characteristics 306

14.6 Application of the Wasson SE Process Model 310

14.7 The Strength of the Wasson SE Process Model 311

14.8 Chapter Summary 311

14.9 Chapter Exercises 312

14.10 References 312

15 System Development Process Models 313

15.1 Definitions of Key Terms 314

15.2 Introduction to the System Development Models 315

15.3 Waterfall Development Strategy and Model 316

15.4 "V" System Development Strategy and Model 318

15.5 Spiral Development Strategy and Model 322

15.6 Iterative and Incremental Development Model 324

15.7 Evolutionary Development Strategy and Model 325

15.8 Agile Development Strategy and Model 326

15.9 Selection of System Versus Component Development Models 341

15.10 Chapter Summary 342

15.11 Chapter Exercises 342

15.12 References 342

16 System Configuration Identification and Component Selection Strategy 344

16.1 Definitions of Key Terms 345

16.2 Items: Building Blocks of Systems 347

16.3 Understanding Configuration Identification Semantics 347

16.4 Configuration Item (CI) Implementation 352

16.5 Developmental Configuration Baselines 355

16.6 Component Selection and Development 358

16.7 Vendor Product Semantics 359

16.8 Component Selection Methodology 360

16.9 Driving Issues that Influence COTS/NDI Selection 361

16.10 Chapter Summary 363

16.11 Chapter Exercises 363

16.12 References 364

17 System Documentation Strategy 365

17.1 Definitions of Key Terms 366

17.2 Quality System and Engineering Data Records 366

17.3 System Design and Development Data 367

17.4 Data Accession List (DAL) and Data Criteria List (DCL) 368

17.5 SE and Development Documentation Sequencing 369

17.6 Documentation Levels of Formality 370

17.7 Export Control of Sensitive Data and Technology 371

17.8 System Documentation Issues 373

17.9 Chapter Summary 374

17.10 Chapter Exercises 374

17.11 References 375

18 Technical Reviews Strategy 376

18.1 Definitions of Key Terms 376

18.2 Approach to this Chapter 378

18.3 Technical Reviews Overview 378

18.4 Conduct of Technical Reviews 380

18.5 Contract Review Requirements 381

18.6 In-Process Reviews (IPRs) 383

18.7 Contract Technical Reviews 384

18.8 Chapter Summary 395

18.9 Chapter Exercises 395

18.10 References 396

19 System Specification Concepts 397

19.1 Definitions of Key Terms 397

19.2 What is a Specification? 398

19.3 Attributes of a Well-Defined Specification 400

19.4 Types of Specifications 403

19.5 Key Elements of a Specification 405

19.6 Specification Requirements 408

19.7 Chapter Summary 413

19.8 Chapter Exercises 413

19.9 References 414

20 Specification Development Approaches 415

20.1 Definitions of Key Terms 415

20.2 Approach to this...