Richard Passingham did his undergraduate degree at Oxford University (BA, 1966), and then did a Masters degree in Clinical [...] the Institute of Psychiatry in London ([...]. 1967). Hthen undertook his Ph.D. at the University of London (1971). Afterwards he returned to Oxford University as a Research Officer on a MRC Programme Grant. He was made a University Lecturer in the Department of Experimental Psychology in 1976 and a Fellow of Wadham College in the same year. He was made an Honorary Senior Lecturer at the MRC Cyclotron Unit at the Hammersmith Hospital in 1991 and an Honorary Principal at the Wellcome Centre for Neuroimaging in London in 1996. In 1993 he became an ad hominem Reader in Cognitive Neuroscience at Oxford University and became a Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience in 1997. Richard was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2009 and Fellow of the American Psychological Society in 2010.

Steven P. Wise received a B.A. in biology from Dartmouth College and a Ph.D. in biology from Washington University in St. Louis. After a brief period of postdoctoral study, he had a 30-year career as a neurophysiologist at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Dr Wise served as the Chief of the Laboratory of Neurophysiology at the National Institute of Mental Health and Chief of the Section on Neurophysiology of the Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience.

• 1: Introduction


• 2: Evolution of the primate prefrontal cortex


• 3: Medial prefrontal cortex: choosing actions based on outcomes


• 4: Orbital prefrontal cortex: choosing objects based on outcomes


• 5: Caudal prefrontal cortex: searching for goals


• 6: Dorsal prefrontal cortex: generating goals based on recent events


• 7: · Ventral prefrontal cortex: generating goals based on visual and auditory contexts


• 8: · Prefrontal cortex as a whole: generating goals from current contexts and events


• 9: Human prefrontal cortex: generating goals from instructions and imagination


• 10: Conclusions


• 1: Introduction


• 2: Evolution of the primate prefrontal cortex


• 3: Medial prefrontal cortex: choosing actions based on outcomes


• 4: Orbital prefrontal cortex: choosing objects based on outcomes


• 5: Caudal prefrontal cortex: searching for goals


• 6: Dorsal prefrontal cortex: generating goals based on recent events


• 7: · Ventral prefrontal cortex: generating goals based on visual and auditory contexts


• 8: · Prefrontal cortex as a whole: generating goals from current contexts and events


• 9: Human prefrontal cortex: generating goals from instructions and imagination


• 10: Conclusions