James Brierley, MBBS, FRCP, FRCPSC, FRCR, is Emeritus Professor of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Canada.

Meredith Giuliani, MBBS, Med, PhD, FRCPC, DRCPSC, is Director at the Cancer Education Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Canada and Associate Professor at the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Canada.

Brian O'Sullivan MB, BCh, FRCPC, FRCPI, FFRRCSI (Hon) is Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

Brian Rous, MB, Bchir, MA, PhD, FRCPath, is a Consultant Histopathologist at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.

Elisabeth Van Eycken, MD, is Director of the Belgian Cancer Registry, Brussels, Belgium.

Editors-in-chief xi
Editors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvi
Organisations Associated with the TNM System xvii
Members of UICC Committees Associated with the TNM System xxviii

Introduction 1

Head and Neck Tumours 17
Oral Cavity and Mucosal Lip 18
Pharynx 23
Larynx 34
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses 39
Unknown Primary - Cervical Nodes 43
Malignant Melanoma of Upper Aerodigestive Tract 48
Salivary Glands 50
Thyroid Gland 53
Parathyroid Gland 57

Digestive System Tumours 59
Oesophagus 60
Stomach 66
Small Intestine 70
Appendix 72
Colon and Rectum 75
Anal Canal and Perianal Skin 79
Liver 82
Intrahepatic Bile Ducts 85
Gallbladder 87
Perihilar Bile Ducts 89
Distal Extrahepatic Bile Duct 91
Ampulla of Vater 93
Pancreas 95
Well- Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Gastrointestinal Tract 98

Lung, Pleural and Thymic Tumours 107
Lung 109
Pleural Mesothelioma 114
Thymus Tumours 118

Tumours of Bone and Soft Tissues 121
Bone 122
Soft Tissues 126
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST) 129

Skin Tumours 133
Carcinoma of Skin (excluding eyelid, head and neck, perianal, vulva and penis) 135
Carcinoma of Skin of the Head and Neck Region 138
Carcinoma of Skin of the Eyelid 141
Melanoma of Skin 144
Merkel Cell Carcinoma of Skin 149

Breast Tumours 151

Gynaecological Tumours 159
Vulva 160
Vagina 163
Cervix Uteri 165
Uterus - Endometrium 169
Uterine Sarcomas 172
Ovarian, Fallopian Tube and Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma 175
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms 180

Urological Tumours 183
Penis 184
Prostate 187
Testis 190
Kidney 194
Renal Pelvis and Ureter 196
Urinary Bladder 198
Urethra 201

Adrenal Cortex 203

Adrenal Medulla and Extra- Adrenal Paraganglia Tumours 205

Ophthalmic Tumours 207
Carcinoma of Conjunctiva 208
Melanoma of Conjunctiva 210
Melanoma of Uvea 213
Retinoblastoma 217
Sarcoma of Orbit 221
Carcinoma of Lacrimal Gland 223

Brain and Spinal Cord 225

Hodgkin Lymphoma 227

Non- Hodgkin Lymphomas 231

Essential TNM 237

Paediatric Tumours 241
Gastrointestinal Tumours 241
Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours 242
Gynaecological Tumours 244
Urological Tumours 245
Ophthalmic Tumours 247
Lymphoma 247
Leukaemia 248
Central Nervous System 249