The editors

Peter P. Emily, DDS, Hon. Dipl. American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC), is certified in human dentistry in periodontology, pathology and radiology and is the founder of the Peter Emily International Veterinary Dental Foundation.

Edward R. Eisner, AB, DVM, Dipl. AVDC, AVDC-Certif. ZWD, is retired from veterinary practice and Chair of the Veterinary Dentists without Borders program of the Peter Emily International Veterinary Dental Foundation.

List of Contributors xi Foreword xiii About Peter Emily xv Acknowledgements xvii Introduction xix Part I A History of Veterinary Dentistry and of Teeth, and Dental Therapy of Wild Animals 1 1 History of Veterinary Dentistry, Including Development of Oral and Dental Treatment of Wild and Zoo, Safari Park and Refuge Animals 3Colin E. Harvey 2 Odontology: A History of Teeth 7Peter P. Emily 3 Special Considerations Regarding Equipment and Instruments 11 4 Dental Form and Function as it Relates to Dental Therapy of Wild Animals 19 5 Carnivore Dental Therapy 29 5A Conventional (Standard/Normograde) Endodontics Overview 29 5B Surgical Endodontics 39 5C Periodontics 43 5D Caries and Endodontic Access Preparation and Restoration 44 5E Combined Endodontic-Periodontal Therapy 45 5F Oral Surgery 48 6 Herbivore Endodontic Therapy 59 6A Standard and Surgical Endodontics 59 7 Marsupial and Herbivore Abscesses 63 8 Elephant Dentistry 65 8A Tusk Therapy for Hog, Walrus, Elephant and Hippopotamus 66 8B Practical Elephant Dentistry 69
Gerhard Steenkamp 9 Primate Dentistry 79 9A Endodontics 79 9B Caries and Restorative Dentistry 82 9C Periodontal Disease 86 10 Avian Fractured and Maloccluded Beaks 87 10A Beak Fracture Repair: Materials and Methods 88 10B Orthobeakics 92 10C Beak Repair for Amphibians 97 10D Beakistry: Orthognathic Corrections and Surgical Repair of Avian Beaks 99
Roberto S. Fecchio 11 Marine Mammal Dentistry 119Steven E. Holmstrom 12 Practical Anesthesia for Captive Wild Animals 131Felicia Knightly Part II Pertinent Dental Information, of 352 Species most often treated in Sanctuaries and Zoos 139 13 Carnivores: Families: Felid, Bear, Canid, Racoon, Weasel, Civet, Hyena 141 13A Big Cats 143 13B Small Cats 151 14 The Bear Family 155 14A Big Bears 155 14B Small Bears 159 15 The Primates 161 15A Lower Primates: Prosimians: Prosimii - Long Face, Prominent Whiskers, Slightly Sideways-Looking Eyes, Nocturnal 162 15B Higher Primates 166 16 Tree Shrews 177 17 The Dog Family 179 18 The Racoon Family 185 19 The Weasel Family: Weasels and Polecats 189 20 The Mongoose Family: Viverridae Civets and Genets Binturong 195 21 The Hyena Family: Strictly Carnivores 199 22 Marsupials 201 23 Larg Herbivores: The Ungulates 209 23A Primitive Ungulates 209 23B The Hoofed Mammals 213 24 Small Herbivores: Rodents 245 24A Squirrel-Like Rodents 245 24B Mouse-Like Rodents 250 24C Cavy-Like Rodents 255 24D Other Cavy-Like Rodents 258 24E Old World Porcupines 259 25 Lagomorphs 261 26 Elephant-Shrew 265 27 Insectivores 267 28 Edentates 271 29 Bats 275 30 Monotremes 277 31 Marine Mammals 279 31A Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins 279 31B Seals and Sea Lions 283 31C Sea Cows and Manatees 287 32 Amphibians 289 33 Reptiles 291 34 Avian 295 34A Birds of Prey 295 34B Scavangers 298 34C Psittacine Birds 301 34D Ground-nesting Birds and Shorebirds 303 34E Aquatic Birds 308 Appendix I Taxonomy 315 Appendix II Types of Dentition 317 Appendix III Dental Formulas 319 Appendix IV Feeding Adaptations 333 Glossary of Dental Terms 335 Further Reading 339 Index 341