Ian Peate is a Visiting Professor at Northumbria University and Buckinghamshire New University, a Senior Clinical Fellow at the University of Hertfordshire, and a Professorial Fellow at the University of Roehampton. He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the British Journal of Nursing, and the Consultant Editor of the Journal of Paramedic Practice and the International Journal of Advancing Practice.

Elizabeth Gormley-Fleming is the Associate Director of Academic Quality Assurance at the Centre for Academic Quality Assurance, University of Hertfordshire, UK.

List of contributors xv Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi About the companion website xxiii Chapter 1 Learning the language: terminology 1Ian Peate and Elizabeth Gormley- Fleming Introduction 2 Anatomy and physiology 2 Physiology 7 Terminology 9 Pathophysiology 13 Conclusion 20 Multiple-choice questions 21 Post-test questions 21 References 22 Further reading 22 Chapter 2 Scientific principles 23Barry Hill Introduction 24 Levels of organisation 24 Characteristics of life 24 Bodily requirements 25 Atoms 26 Conclusion 35 Multiple-choice questions 36 Post-test questions 37 Glossary 37 References 38 Chapter 3 The cell 39Barry Hill Introduction 40 Characteristics of the cell 40 The structure of the cell 42 Organelles 48 Fluids and the body 52 Electrolytes 55 Conclusion 57 Multiple-choice questions 57 Post-test questions 58 Glossary 58 References 59 Chapter 4 Homeostasis 61Mary Brady Introduction 62 Regulation of homeostasis 62 Feedback mechanisms 62 Homeostatic mechanisms 62 Energy production 64 Systematic approach to homeostasis 65 Conclusion 74 Multiple-choice questions 75 Post-test questions 75 Glossary 76 References 78 Chapter 5 Genetics 79Ray Bywater Introduction 79 Genes 80 From DNA to proteins 84 The transference of genes 87 Mendelian genetics 91 Conclusion 97 Multiple-choice questions 98 Post- test questions 99 Conditions 99 Glossary 99 References 102 Further reading 102 Chapter 6 Tissues 103Louise McLaughlin Introduction 103 Types of tissues 105 Children and tissue development 114 Conclusion 116 Multiple-choice questions 116 Post-test questions 117 Conditions 117 Glossary 117 References 118 Further reading 118 Useful website 118 Chapter 7 The immune system 119Alison Mosenthal Introduction 119 Blood cell development 120 The organs and tissues of the immune system 120 Types of immunity 125 Immunoglobulins (antibodies) 131 Conclusion 135 Multiple-choice questions 136 Post-test questions 137 Conditions 137 Glossary 138 References 138 Further reading 139 Chapter 8 Blood 141Sarah Brazel- Terris Introduction 141 Composition of blood 143 Functions of blood 144 Constituents of blood 145 Haemoglobin and oxygen transport 147 Bleeding and platelets 150 Blood groups and blood transfusion 152 Conclusion 157 Multiple-choice questions 158 Post-test questions 159 Conditions 159 Glossary 160 References 160 Further reading 160 Chapter 9 The cardiac system 161Sheila Roberts Introduction 161 Fetal circulation 162 Changes at birth 162 Electrocardiogram 169 The cardiac cycle 169 Factors affecting the heart rate 172 Conclusion 173 Multiple-choice questions 174 Post-test questions 174 Conditions 175 Glossary 175 References 175 Further reading 176 Chapter 10 The respiratory system 177Elizabeth Gormley- Fleming Introduction 178 Airway 179 Lungs 183 Conclusion 188 Multiple-choice questions 189 Post- test questions 189 Conditions 190 Glossary 190 References 190 Further reading 191 Chapter 11 The endocrine system 193
Julia Petty Introduction 194 Physiology of the endocrine system 195 Anatomy of the endocrine system 197 Conclusion 211 Multiple-choice questions 211 Post-test questions 212 Conditions 212 Glossary 213 References 214 Further reading 216 Chapter 12 The digestive system and nutrition 217Joanne Outteridge Introduction 218 Nutritional requirements for healthy growth and development 219 Carbohydrates 219 Fats 220 Proteins 220 Vitamins and Minerals 220 Fibre 222 Infant nutrition 223 Early childhood nutrition 224 The anatomy and physiology of the digestive system 225 Conclusion 235 Multiple-choice questions 235 Post-test questions 236 Conditions 236 Glossary 236 References 237 Chapter 13 The renal system 239
Elizabeth Gormley- Fleming Introduction 240 Renal system 240 Kidney 241 Functions of the kidney 246 Blood supply to the kidneys 246 Formation of urine 247 Composition of urine 249 Ureters 251 Bladder 251 Urethra 253 Function of the bladder and micturition 254 Conclusion 254 Multiple-choice questions 255 Post- test questions 256 Conditions 256 Glossary 256 References 257 Further reading 258 Chapter 14 The reproductive systems 259
Michele O'Grady Introduction 260 Fetal embryology: sexual differentiation 260 The male reproductive system 260 Female reproductive system 268 Conclusion 279 Multiple-choice questions 280 Post-test questions 281 Conditions 281 Glossary 282 References 282 Further reading 283 Chapter 15 The nervous system 285
Petra Brown Introduction 286 Organisation of the nervous system 286 Cellular structure of the nervous system 286 Transmission of nerve impulses 289 Fetal development 291 Childhood development 292 Central nervous system 293 Conclusion 307 Multiple-choice questions 307 Post-test questions 308 Conditions 308 Glossary 309 References 309 Further reading 310 Chapter 16 The muscular system 311
Elizabeth Gormley-Fleming Introduction 312 Muscle development in early life 312 Types of muscle tissue 312 Functions of muscular system 314 Gross anatomy of skeletal muscle 315 The micro-anatomy of the muscle 316 Types of muscle fibres 318 Skeletal muscle relaxation and contraction 319 Contraction 319 Energy requirements for muscle contraction 320 Organisation of skeletal muscle 321 Conclusion 340 Multiple-choice questions 341 Post-test questions 341 Conditions 342 Glossary 342 References 342 Further reading 343 Chapter 17 The skeletal system 345Elizabeth Gormley-Fleming Introduction 345 Axial skeleton 346 Appendicular skeleton 346 The function of the skeleton 346 Bone structure and growth 348 Bone healing 353 Bone classification 355 Joints 357 Conclusion 361 Multiple-choice questions 361 Post-test questions 362 Conditions 362 Glossary 362 References 364 Further reading 365 Chapter 18 The senses 367
Joanne Outteridge Introduction 368 The sense of smell (olfaction) 368 The sense of taste (gustation) 369 The ear 371 The sense of equilibrium 373 The sense of sight 375 Conclusion 380 Multiple-choice questions 380 Post-test questions 381 Conditions 381 Glossary 382 References 382 Future readings 383 Chapter 19 The skin 385
Elizabeth Gormley- Fleming Introduction 386 The structure of skin 386 Functions of the skin 395 Conclusion 399 Multiple-choice questions 400 Post- test questions 400 Conditions 400 Glossary 401 References 402 Further reading 403 Chapter 20 Growing up healthy 405
Lisa Whiting and Mary L. Donnelly Introduction 406 Having the best start in life 406 Health and well-being of children and young people 407 Current influences on children and young people's health 408 The child and young person's voice 409 Promoting the health of children and young people 410 Using genomics to enhance health and well- being 412 Conclusion 413 Multiple-choice questions 413 Post-test questions 414 Glossary 414 References 414 Further reading 417 Answers to multiple-choice questions 419 Index 421